EVERGREEN

Joint Journal of Novel Carbon Resource Sciences and Green Asia Strategy

ISSN:2189-0420 (Print until Mar 2020)
ISSN:2432-5953 (Online)

SCImago Journal & Country Rank

Open Access
Scopus
Google Scholar
Crossref
SCImago Journal & Country Rank
4.3
2024CiteScore
 
69th percentile
Powered by Scopus
Metrics by SCOPUS 2024
CiteScore
4.3
SJR
0.391
SNIP
1.192


Investigation of the Thermal and Surface Properties of Glass-Carbon Hybrid Fiber Epoxy Composite

Munif Hasin1,*, Sarower Kabir1, M A Gafur2, Adib Bin Rashid3, Muhatasim Mahmud Ridom1
1Mechanical and Production Engineering, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh
2Pilot Plant and Process Development Centre, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Bangladesh
3Industrial and Production Engineering, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Bangladesh
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
E-mail: munif.hasin.example@university.edu (MH)
Received: August 21, 2024 | Revised: February 03, 2025 | Accepted: April 01, 2025 | Published: June 2025
Abstract
The modern world has seen a rapid surge in the usage of composite materials in recent times for their widespread applications and versatility. This study investigated thermal properties and the surface morphology of carbon and glass fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite fabricated by vacuum infusion molding (VIM) process. Lee’s and Charlton's method for thermal conductivity of bad conductors proved its poor thermal conductivity, where the value was found 0.52 Wm-1K-1. Coefficient of thermal expansion was measured by Thermomechanical analysis (TMA), which also revealed that the thermal expansion occurred in multiple stages and subsequently resulting in multiple coefficient of thermal expansion. The thermogravimetric analysis disclosed the degradation rate, glass transition temperature, onset temperature, degradation steps, and their possible causes. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to characterize its surface properties which showed the composite’s internal structure. All of the tests displayed promising results in terms of it’s potential in high-temperature applications, such as in the aerospace industry.
Keywords
DTA ; Scanning electron microscope ; Composites ; Thermal conductivity ; TMA ; HFRP ; DTG
Available Repositories
Share Article
Article Metrics
--
Views
--
Downloads
--
Citations
Full Text
Download PDF
References
  1. 1) DipakS. Patil and M. M. Bhoomkar, "Investigation on mechanical behaviour of fiber-reinforced advanced polymer composite materials," Evergreen, 10 (1) 55-62 (2023) doi:10.5109/6781040
  2. 2) V.K.Mathur, "Composite materials from local resources," Construction and Building Materials, 20 (7) 470-477 (2006) doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.01.031
  3. 3) D.K.Hale, "The physical properties of composite materials," J Mater Sci, 11 (11) 2105-2141 (1976) doi:10.1007/PL00020339
  4. 4) F.Teklal, A. Djebbar, S. Allaoui, G. Hivet, Y. Joliff, and B. Kacimi, "A review of analytical models to describe pull-out behavior – fiber/matrix adhesion," Composite Structures, 201 791-815 (2018) doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.06.091
  5. 5) ManishM., Kumar Maurya N., and Bajpai V., "Effect of sic reinforced particle parameters in the development of aluminium based metal matrix composite," Transdisciplinary Research and Education Center for Green Technologies, Kyushu University, 6 (3) 200-206 (2019)
  6. 6) T.W.Clyne, and D. Hull, "An Introduction to Composite Materials," 3rd ed., 2019. https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=4oKWDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PR11&ots=YXQ10yEfLw&dq=An%20introduction%20to%20composite%20materials&lr&pg=PR6#v=onepage&q=An%20introduction%20to%20composite%20materials&f=false (accessed April 9, 2023)
  7. 7) Y.M.Kanitkar, A.P. Kulkarni, and K.S. Wangikar, "Characterization of glass hybrid composite: a review," Materials Today: Proceedings, 4 (9) 9627-9630 (2017) doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2017.06.237
  8. 8) M.Ramesh, T.S.A. Atreya, U.S. Aswin, H. Eashwar, and C. Deepa, "Processing and mechanical property evaluation of banana fiber reinforced polymer composites," Procedia Engineering, 97 563-572 (2014) doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.284
  9. 9) E.B.Trostyanskaya, "Polymeric matrices in fibre-reinforced composite materials," in: R.E. Shalin (Ed.), Polymer Matrix Composites, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 1995: pp. 1-91 doi:10.1007/978-94-011-0515-6_1
  10. 10) B.Harris, "Engineering Composite Materials," 2nd ed., IOM, The Institute of Materials, London, 1999
  11. 11) "Polymermatrix composites: a perspective for a special issue of polymer reviews: polymer reviews: vol 52, no 3," (n.d.). https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15583724.2012.708004 (accessed April 9, 2023)
  12. 12) P.Balakrishnan, M.J. John, L. Pothen, M.S. Sreekala, and S. Thomas, "12 - Natural fibre and polymer matrix composites and their applications in aerospace engineering," in: S. Rana, R. Fangueiro (Eds.), Advanced Composite Materials for Aerospace Engineering, Woodhead Publishing, 2016: pp. 365-383 doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-100037-3.00012-2
  13. 13) Z.Benzait, and L. Trabzon, "A review of recent research on materials used in polymer–matrix composites for body armor application," Journal of Composite Materials, 52 (23) 3241-3263 (2018) doi:10.1177/0021998318764002
  14. 14) A.Kumar, K. Sharma, and A.R. Dixit, "A review of the mechanical and thermal properties of graphene and its hybrid polymer nanocomposites for structural applications," J Mater Sci, 54 (8) 5992-6026 (2019) doi:10.1007/s10853-018-03244-3
  15. 15) M.Jweeg, M. Al-Waily, and A. Hammood, "Experimental and theoretical studies of mechanical properties for reinforcement fiber types of composite materials," International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS, 12 (2012)
  16. 16) H.Abramovich, "1 - Introduction to composite materials," in: H. Abramovich (Ed.), Stability and Vibrations of Thin Walled Composite Structures, Woodhead Publishing, 2017: pp. 1-47 doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-100410-4.00001-6
  17. 17) N.Asthana, and K. Pal, "Chapter 14 - Polymerized hybrid nanocomposite implementations of energy conversion cells device," in: K. Pal, F. Gomes (Eds.), Nanofabrication for Smart Nanosensor Applications, Elsevier, 2020: pp. 349-397 doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-820702-4.00015-5
  18. 18) P.D.Pastuszak, and A. Muc, "Application of composite materials in modern constructions," Key Engineering Materials, 542 119-129 (2013) doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.542.119
  19. 19) D.K.Rajak, D.D. Pagar, R. Kumar, and C.I. Pruncu, "Recent progress of reinforcement materials: a comprehensive overview of composite materials," Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 8 (6) 6354-6374 (2019) doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.09.068
  20. 20) R.Nayak, "Evaluation of mechanical properties of glass fibre and carbon fibre reinforced polymer composite," 8 66-74 (2018)
  21. 21) N.Fatchurrohman, I. Iskandar, S. Suraya, and K. Johan, "Sustainable analysis in the product development of al-metal matrix composites automotive component," Applied Mechanics and Materials, 695 32-35 (2015) doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.695.32
  22. 22) D.F.O.Abas, R.O. Abas, and S.I. Ibrahim, "A comparison study of different ceramic filler on mechanical and thermal properties of glass, carbon, kevlar / polyester composites,". Engineering and Technology Journal, 28 (12) (2010) doi:10.30684/etj.28.12.16
  23. 23) A.Kumar, K. Sharma, and A.R. Dixit, "Carbon nanotube- and graphene-reinforced multiphase polymeric composites: review on their properties and applications | journal of materials science," 55 2682-2724 (2019)
  24. 24) S.Annie Paul, A. Boudenne, L. Ibos, Y. Candau, K. Joseph, and S. Thomas, "Effect of fiber loading and chemical treatments on thermophysical properties of banana fiber/polypropylene commingled composite materials," Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 39 (9) 1582-1588 (2008) doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2008.06.004
  25. 25) F.Rezaei, R. Yunus, and N.A. Ibrahim, "Effect of fiber length on thermomechanical properties of short carbon fiber reinforced polypropylene composites," Materials & Design, 30 (2) 260-263 (2009) doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2008.05.005
  26. 26) M.Alimin, A. Syukri, A. Hairul, Emriadi, M. Mulda, and Mila Puteri Artika, "Mechanical properties and biodegradability of areca nut fiber-reinforced polymer blend composites," Transdisciplinary Research and Education Center for Green Technologies, Kyushu University, 7 (3) 366-372 (2020) doi:10.5109/4068618
  27. 27) V.Yadav, S. Singh, N. Chaudhary, M.P. Garg, S. Sharma, A. Kumar, C. Li, and E.M. Tag Eldin, "Dry sliding wear characteristics of natural fibre reinforced poly-lactic acid composites for engineering applications: fabrication, properties and characterizations," Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 23 1189-1203 (2023) doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.01.006
  28. 28) T.Sathishkumar, S. Satheeshkumar, and J. Naveen, "Glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites – a review," Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 33 (13) 1258-1275 (2014) doi:10.1177/0731684414530790
  29. 29) M.Zhang, and J.P. Matinlinna, "E-glass fiber reinforced composites in dental applications," Silicon, 4 (1) 73-78 (2012) doi:10.1007/s12633-011-9075-x
  30. 30) E.M.Safwat, A.G.A. Khater, A.G. Abd-Elsatar, and G.A. Khater, "Glass fiber-reinforced composites in dentistry," Bull Natl Res Cent, 45 (1) 190 (2021) doi:10.1186/s42269-021-00650-7
  31. 31) A.Landesmann, C.A. Seruti, and E. de M. Batista, "Mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced polymers members for structural applications," Mat. Res., 18 1372-1383 (2015) doi:10.1590/1516-1439.044615
  32. 32) M.Robert, R. Roy, and B. Benmokrane, "Environmental effects on glass fiber reinforced polypropylene thermoplastic composite laminate for structural applications," Polymer Composites, 31 (4) 604-611 (2010) doi:10.1002/pc.20834
  33. 33) P.Morampudi, K.K. Namala, Y.K. Gajjela, M. Barath, and G. Prudhvi, "Review on glass fiber reinforced polymer composites," Materials Today: Proceedings, 43 314-319 (2021) doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.669
  34. 34) J.M.Stickel, and M. Nagarajan, "Glass fiber-reinforced composites: from formulation to application," International Journal of Applied Glass Science, 3 (2) 122-136 (2012) doi:10.1111/j.2041-1294.2012.00090.x
  35. 35) I.M.De Rosa, F. Sarasini, M.S. Sarto, and A. Tamburrano, "EMC impact of advanced carbon fiber/carbon nanotube reinforced composites for next-generation aerospace applications," IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 50 (3) 556-563 (2008) doi:10.1109/TEMC.2008.926818
  36. 36) P.S, S. KM, N. Kundachira Subramani, and S. S, "Fiber reinforced composites - a review," Journal of Material Science & Engineering, 06 (2017) doi:10.4172/2169-0022.1000341
  37. 37) C.Soutis, "Carbon fiber reinforced plastics in aircraft construction," Materials Science and Engineering: A, 412 (1) 171-176 (2005) doi:10.1016/j.msea.2005.08.064
  38. 38) S.Tang, and C. Hu, "Design, preparation and properties of carbon fiber reinforced ultra-high temperature ceramic composites for aerospace applications: a review," Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 33 (2) 117-130 (2017) doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2016.08.004
  39. 39) T.-H.Park, J.-S. Yeo, M.-H. Seo, J. Miyawaki, I. Mochida, and S.-H. Yoon, "Hybridization of silicon/carbon composites with natural graphite for improving anodic performances of lithium-ion batteries," (2012)
  40. 40) X.Han, D. Yang, C. Yang, S. Spintzyk, L. Scheideler, P. Li, D. Li, J. Geis-Gerstorfer, and F. Rupp, "Carbon fiber reinforced peek composites based on 3d-printing technology for orthopedic and dental applications," Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8 (2) 240 (2019) doi:10.3390/jcm8020240
  41. 41) S.Yang, Y. Cheng, X. Xiao, and H. Pang, "Development and application of carbon fiber in batteries," Chemical Engineering Journal, 384 123294 (2020) doi:10.1016/j.cej.2019.123294
  42. 42) M.K.Gupta, V. Singhal, and N.S. Rajput, "Applications and challenges of carbon-fibres reinforced composites: a review," 09 (03) 682-693 (2022) doi:10.5109/4843099
  43. 43) R.Ambigai, and S. Prabhu, "Analysis on mechanical and thermal properties of glass-carbon/epoxy based hybrid composites," in: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, IOP Publishing, Kattankulathur, India, 2018 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/402/1/012136
  44. 44) C.L.Tan, A.I. Azmi, and N. Muhammad, "Performance evaluations of carbon/glass hybrid polymer composites," Advanced Materials Research, 980 8-12 (2014) doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.980.8
  45. 45) S.-Y.Fu, B. Lauke, E. Mäder, C.-Y. Yue, X. Hu, and Y.-W. Mai, "Hybrid effects on tensile properties of hybrid short-glass-fiber-and short-carbon-fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites," Journal of Materials Science, 36 (5) 1243-1251 (2001) doi:10.1023/A:1004802530253
  46. 46) C.Wonderly, J. Grenestedt, G. Fernlund, and E. Cěpus, "Comparison of mechanical properties of glass fiber/vinyl ester and carbon fiber/vinyl ester composites," Composites Part B: Engineering, 36 (5) 417-426 (2005) doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2005.01.004
  47. 47) N.Guermazi, N. Haddar, K. Elleuch, and H.F. Ayedi, "Investigations on the fabrication and the characterization of glass/epoxy, carbon/epoxy and hybrid composites used in the reinforcement and the repair of aeronautic structures," Materials & Design (1980-2015), 56 714-724 (2014) doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2013.11.043
  48. 48) P.Turla, S.S. Kumar, P.H. Reddy, and K.C. Shekar, "Processing and flexural strength of carbon fiber and glass fiber reinforced epoxy-matrix hybrid composite," International Journal of Engineering Research, 3 (4) (2014)
  49. 49) Z.I.Khan, A. Arsad, Z. Mohamad, U. Habib, and M.A.A. Zaini, "Comparative study on the enhancement of thermo-mechanical properties of carbon fiber and glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites," Materials Today: Proceedings, 39 956-958 (2021) doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.223
  50. 50) A.W.Coats, and J.P. Redfern, "Thermogravimetric analysis. a review," Analyst, 88 (1053) 906-924 (1963) doi:10.1039/AN9638800906
  51. 51) J.g. Dunn, "Thermogravimetric Analysis," in: Characterization of Materials, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2002 doi:10.1002/0471266965.com029
  52. 52) B.Neher, Md.M.R. Bhuiyan, H. Kabir, Md.A. Gafur, Md.R. Qadir, and F. Ahmed, "Thermal properties of palm fiber and palm fiber-reinforced abs composite," J Therm Anal Calorim, 124 (3) 1281-1289 (2016) doi:10.1007/s10973-016-5341-x
  53. 53) M.J.Vold, "Differential thermal analysis," ACS Publications, 21 (6) 683-688 (1949) doi:10.1021/ac60030a011
  54. 54) S.A.El-Sayed, and M.E. Mostafa, "Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetic parameters determination of biomass fuel powders by differential thermal gravimetric analysis (tga/dtg)," Energy Conversion and Management, 85 165-172 (2014) doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2014.05.068
  55. 55) E.L.Charsley, P.J. Haines, and F.W. Wilburn, "Principles of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry," 2016 doi:10.1039/9781788017275
  56. 56) J.James, "Chapter 7 - Thermomechanical Analysis and Its Applications," in: S. Thomas, R. Thomas, A.K. Zachariah, R.K. Mishra (Eds.), Thermal and Rheological Measurement Techniques for Nanomaterials Characterization, Elsevier, 2017: pp. 159-171 doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-46139-9.00007-4
  57. 57) L.Szcześniak, A. Rachocki, and J. Tritt-Goc, "Glass transition temperature and thermal decomposition of cellulose powder," Cellulose, 15 (3) 445-451 (2008) doi:10.1007/s10570-007-9192-2
  58. 58) U.W.Robert, S.E. Etuk, O.E. Agbasi, and U.S. Okorie, "Quick determination of thermal conductivity of thermal insulators using a modified lee–charlton’s disc apparatus technique," Int J Thermophys, 42 (8) 113 (2021) doi:10.1007/s10765-021-02864-3
  59. 59) K.D.Vernon-Parry, "Scanning electron microscopy: an introduction," III-Vs Review, 13 (4) 40-44 (2000) doi:10.1016/S0961-1290(00)80006-X
  60. 60) A.Mohammed, and A. Abdullah, "SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (SEM): A REVIEW," in: Proceedings of 2018 International Conference on Hydraulics and Pneumatics - HERVEX, Băile Govora, Romania, November 7-9: pp. 77-85
  61. 61) A.Ul-Hamid, "Introduction," in: A. Ul-Hamid (Ed.), A Beginners’ Guide to Scanning Electron Microscopy, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2018: pp. 1-14 doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98482-7_1
  62. 62) M.Alam, "Lee’s and charlton’s method for investigation of thermal conductivity of insulating materials," IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 3 53-60 (2012) doi:10.9790/1684-0315360
  63. 63) J.Carvill, "3 - Thermodynamics and heat transfer," in: J. Carvill (Ed.), Mechanical Engineer’s Data Handbook, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1993: pp. 102-145 doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-051135-1.50008-X
  64. 64) W.D.Callister, Jr., and D.G. Rethwisch, "Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, 10th Edition | Wiley," 9th ed., Wiley, n.d. https://books.google.com.bd/books/about/Materials_Science_and_Engineering_An_Int.html?id=TmxbAgAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y (accessed June 2, 2024)
  65. 65) D.E.Mouzakis, H. Zoga, and C. Galiotis, "Accelerated environmental ageing study of polyester/glass fiber reinforced composites (gfrpcs)," Composites Part B: Engineering, 39 (3) 467-475 (2008) doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2006.10.004
  66. 66) J.C.Miguez Suarez, F.M.B. Coutinho, and T.H. Sydenstricker, "SEM studies of tensile fracture surfaces of polypropylene—sawdust composites," Polymer Testing, 22 (7) 819-824 (2003) doi:10.1016/S0142-9418(03)00017-5
  67. 67) J.M.Felix, P. Gatenholm, and H.P. Schreiber, "Controlled interactions in cellulose‐polymer composites. 1: effect on mechanical properties," 14 (6) 449-457 (1993) doi:10.1002/pc.750140602
  68. 68) J.-K.Kim, C. Baillie, and Y.-W. Mai, "Interfacial debonding and fibre pull-out stresses," J Mater Sci, 27 (12) 3143-3154 (1992) doi:10.1007/BF01116004
  69. 69) K.V.Pochiraju, G.P. Tandon, and N.J. Pagano, "Analyses of single fiber pushout considering interfacial friction and adhesion," Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 49 (10) 2307-2338 (2001) doi:10.1016/S0022-5096(01)00045-X
  70. 70) S.M.Lee, D. Cho, W.H. Park, S.G. Lee, S.O. Han, and L.T. Drzal, "Novel silk/poly(butylene succinate) biocomposites: the effect of short fibre content on their mechanical and thermal properties," Composites Science and Technology, 65 (3) 647-657 (2005) doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2004.09.023
  71. 71) Md.Rafiquzzaman, S. Abdullah, and A.M.T. Arifin, "Behavioural observation of laminated polymer composite under uniaxial quasi-static and cyclic loads | fibers and polymers," 16 (3) 640-649 (2015). doi: doi:10.1007/s12221-015-0640-6
  72. 72) M.Z.Mohamed Yusoff, S. Sapuan, N. Ismail, and R. Wirawan, "Mechanical properties of short random oil palm fibre reinforced epoxy composites," Sains Malaysiana, 39 87-92 (2010)
  73. 73) S.R.Ghiorse, "Effect of void content on the mechanical properties of carbon/epoxy laminates," SAMPE Quarterly, 24 54-59 (1993)
Other Papers in This Issue