EVERGREEN

Joint Journal of Novel Carbon Resource Sciences and Green Asia Strategy

ISSN:2189-0420 (Print until Mar 2020)
ISSN:2432-5953 (Online)

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An Assessment of Solar Water Pump System Sustainability in Indonesia: A Multidimensional Scaling Approach

Danar Agus Susanto1,*, Meilinda Ayundyahrini1, Ellia Kristiningrum1, Teguh Pribadi Adinugroho2, Hermawan Febriansyah1, Utari Ayuningtyas1, Febrian Isharyadi1, Ajun Tri Setyoko1, Fariz Maulana Riza Nulhaq3
1Research Center for Sustainable Industrial and Manufacturing Systems, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia
2Research Center for Equipment Manufacturing Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia
3Research Center for Energy Conversion and Conservation, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
E-mail: danar.agus.susanto@brin.go.id (DAS)
Evergreen, Vol. 13, Iss. 01, pp. 156–172, 2026
DOI: 10.5109/7407642
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Received: May 20, 2025 | Revised: December 18, 2025 | Accepted: February 17, 2026 | Published: March 2026
Abstract
The implementation of solar water pump systems (SWPS) has been increasingly developed, especially in remote areas facing challenges with access to electricity and clean water. However, this technology also has several limitations and challenges that need to be addressed, such as high initial costs, technological and infrastructure limitations, and the need for extensive land areas. This study aims to evaluate the benefits of sustainable solar water pump (SWP) installations in Indonesia, focusing on three main aspects: economic, social, and environmental. Primary data collection was conducted at 33 SWPS installation sites across Indonesia. Primary data analysis was conducted using Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) with the R software as the statistical technique used to visualize the level of similarity or dissimilarity of multivariate data in graphical form. The research results indicate that the overall sustainability score is 58.67, which categorizes the application of SWPS in Indonesia as moderately sustainable. The economic dimension has the highest sustainability score of 66.28, followed by environmental with 55.47, and social with 54.27. This analysis is crucial so that the SWP technology can be recognized, understood, and optimally applied in various regions of Indonesia, especially in areas requiring environmentally friendly and energy-efficient clean water solutions. A comprehensive understanding of the economic impact in terms of cost savings, social benefits in improving community quality of life, and environmental impact related to carbon emission reductions will assist in determining whether this technology is feasible for wide adoption or requires alternative approaches.
Keywords
economic dimension; environmental dimension; social dimension; solar water pump systems (SWPS); sustainability
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