EVERGREEN

Joint Journal of Novel Carbon Resource Sciences and Green Asia Strategy

ISSN:2189-0420 (Print until Mar 2020)
ISSN:2432-5953 (Online)

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Impact of Total Fuel Replacement with Compressed Natural Gas on Petrol Vehicle Performance Under Real-Driving Conditions and Exhaust Components Concentrations during Idling

Ade Syafrinaldy1,*, Frendy Rian Saputro2,3, Arya Bhaskara Adiprabowo2, Trisno Anggoro2, Henry Nolandy2, Wargiantoro Prabowo2,3, Bambang Muharto2, Sekar Kumala Desi2, Dhani Avianto Sugeng4
1Research Center for Fuel Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia
2Research Center for Energy Conversion Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia
3Advanced Vehicle System (AVS), Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
4Research Center for Transportation Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
E-mail: ades002@brin.go.id (AS)
Evergreen, Vol. 13, Iss. 02, pp. 643–656, 2026
DOI: 10.5109/7429612
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Received: May 28, 2025 | Revised: December 04, 2025 | Accepted: March 12, 2026 | Published: June 2026
Abstract
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is increasingly promoted as a lower-carbon alternative to petrol, yet important knowledge gaps remain regarding the influence of auxiliary loads such as air conditioning (AC) on retrofitted CNG vehicle performance and the limited availability of tailpipe idle emission data for carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and nitrogen oxides (NOx). This study addresses these gaps through a real-world comparative assessment of a petrol-powered passenger vehicle operated on petrol and on full CNG substitution, with minimal retrofitting to preserve baseline drivability. Road testing employed the Total Fuel Replacement method along mixed-traffic intercity routes to quantify fuel economy and operating costs, supplemented by flat-bed dynamometer measurements of wheel torque and power under AC-on and AC-off wide-open-throttle conditions. CNG operation resulted in an 18.84% reduction in wheel torque and a 33.31% reduction in wheel power under AC load, accompanied by a 15–20% decrease in fuel economy. Despite this, operating costs decreased by up to 48.13% due to the lower unit price of CNG. Idle emission measurements indicated substantial reductions in CO (80%) and CO₂ (35%), while NOx increased by a factor of five but remained low in absolute terms. Overall, the findings provide integrated technical and economic evidence that supports informed decision-making for broader CNG utilisation in passenger transport.
Keywords
CNG; Exhaust component concentration; Performance; Petrol; Real-driving; Total fuel replacement
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