EVERGREEN

Joint Journal of Novel Carbon Resource Sciences and Green Asia Strategy

ISSN:2189-0420 (Print until Mar 2020)
ISSN:2432-5953 (Online)

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4.3
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0.391
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Eco-Engineered Silver-Diatomite Nanocomposites from Agro-Industrial Waste for Sustainable Antibacterial Agent: A Combined Laboratory and Molecular Simulation Study

Saprini Hamdiani1,*, Iwan Sumarlan1, Evana2, Saprizal Hadisaputra3, Siti Raudhatul Kamali4, Yeng Fong Shih5
1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Mataram, Indonesia, Indonesia
2Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Indonesia
3Chemistry Education Division, University of Mataram, Indonesia
4Environmental Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Mataram, Indonesia, Indonesia
5Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
E-mail: saprini.h@unram.ac.id (SH)
Evergreen, Vol. 12, Iss. 04, pp. 1946–1960, 2025
DOI: 10.5109/7402627
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Received: April 28, 2025 | Revised: August 02, 2025 | Accepted: September 13, 2025 | Published: December 2025
Abstract
This study addresses the growing need for sustainable and effective antibacterial agents amid rising antibiotic resistance. We developed eco-friendly silver-natural diatomite nanocomposites (Ag-NDs) from agro-industrial waste using pineapple leaf (PL) extract. The methods employed included a green one-pot synthesis using pineapple leaf extract, which resulted in AgNP-NDs-PL; a conventional calcination method, which produced AgNP-NDs-Calc; and molecular simulation to support the experimental findings. The resulting nanocomposites materials were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Particle Size Analysis (PSA), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy–Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analyses, followed by antibacterial assays and molecular simulation. The molecular simulations were performed using the Material Studio 7.0 with the calculation of adsorption energies between five major phytochemical constituents in pineapple leaf extract on (Ag(100)) surface. The AgNp-NDs-PL nanocomposites synthesized by green synthesis showed superior antibacterial activity at lower silver concentrations against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus at lower concentrations due to smaller nanoparticle size and phytochemical synergy. Complementary molecular simulations revealed that strong interactions between Ag(100) and 1,3-O-dicaffeoylglycerol from pineapple leaf extract. This integrated experimental-computational approach offers a novel, sustainable strategy for fabricating potent antibacterial agents aligned with circular economy principles.
Keywords
Agro-industrial waste; Antibacterial; Molecular Simulation; Natural Diatomite Waste; Silver Nanoparticle
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