EVERGREEN

Joint Journal of Novel Carbon Resource Sciences and Green Asia Strategy

ISSN:2189-0420 (Print until Mar 2020)
ISSN:2432-5953 (Online)

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Enhancing Wear Resistance of EN-19 Steel with Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) Coatings: Experimental and Statistical Analysis

Arshpreet Kaur1,*, Jasminder Singh Dureja1, Jasmaninder Singh Grewal2
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
2Department of Mechanical & Production Engineering, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana, India
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
E-mail: arshpandher89@gmail.com (AK)
Evergreen, Vol. 13, Iss. 02, pp. 517–536, 2026
DOI: 10.5109/7420066
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Received: September 13, 2025 | Revised: November 29, 2025 | Accepted: March 24, 2026 | Published: June 2026
Abstract
To increase the durability of automobile components, this study investigates the wear behavior of EN-19 steel under various tribological environments, both with and without protective coatings. Physical vapor deposition (PVD) was used to produce the AlTiN and AlCrN coatings, which were then tested utilizing ball-on-disc studies at various loads, sliding velocities, and time durations. According to the results, AlCrN performed best, with coated specimens showing a considerable decrease in wear loss, while uncoated samples suffered the most wear. Coating type and time were found to be the primary determinants of wear, as determined by statistical analysis using the Box-Cox transformation, whereas load and velocity had secondary effects. Using contour and residual plots, regression modeling (λ = 0.7) produced accurate predictions. Compared with uncoated steel, AlCrN reduced overall wear by up to 55%, demonstrating its suitability for applications such as CV joints. The results demonstrate the significance of specific coatings in enhancing wear resistance and prolonging the useful life of engineering components.
Keywords
EN-19 Steel; Predictive Modeling; PVD Coatings; Tribological Performance; Wear Behavior
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