EVERGREEN

Joint Journal of Novel Carbon Resource Sciences and Green Asia Strategy

ISSN:2189-0420 (Print until Mar 2020)
ISSN:2432-5953 (Online)

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Methods for Leakage Monitoring for Safety and Efficiency of ORC System: A Review

Ihsan Supono1,2,*, Teguh Pribadi Adinugroho3, Himma Firdaus1,2, Iput Kasiyanto1, Tri Widianti4, Qudsiyyatul Lailiyah1, Nanang Kusnandar1, Tri Rakhmawati5, Sih Damayanti5, Meilinda Ayundyahrini4, Teguh Muttaqie6
1Research Center for Electrical Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia
2Faculty of Engineering, Pamulang University, Indonesia
3Research Center for Equipment Manufacturing Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia
4Research Center for Sustainable Industrial and Manufacturing Systems, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia
5Research Center for Behavioral and Circular Economics, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia
6Research Center for Hydrodynamics Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
E-mail: ihsa002@brin.go.id (IS)
Evergreen, Vol. 13, Iss. 02, pp. 547–568, 2026
DOI: 10.5109/7420068
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Received: May 26, 2025 | Revised: December 29, 2025 | Accepted: February 17, 2026 | Published: June 2026
Abstract
Abstract: Organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs) are widely used for recovering low-temperature waste heat, particularly in renewable energy systems like biomass. However, their performance is often reduced by undetected heat and gas leakage. This review aims to identify, classify, and assess current leakage de-tection methods specifically suited for ORC systems, focusing on their effectiveness under typical operat-ing conditions. The scope encompasses thermal and gas leakage detection techniques, including tempera-ture, pressure, and flow rate monitoring, as well as advanced diagnostic technologies. The main findings indicate that heat loss from components, such as the expander, and undetected vapor leakage can signifi-cantly degrade system efficiency and output. Continuous temperature, pressure, and flow rate monitoring are the most effective methods for ensuring safety and optimizing system performance, among the re-viewed options. Integrating these techniques with Internet of Things (IoT) devices and machine learning offers promising avenues for real-time diagnostics and predictive maintenance. Future research should fo-cus on developing cost-effective, robust sensors suitable for high-temperature and high-humidity envi-ronments common in ORCs. This review contributes to the broader discussion on improving ORC moni-toring and reliability while proposing practical pathways for technological innovation and sustainable en-ergy conversion.
Keywords
heat loss; leakage detection system; Organic Rankine Cycle; system safety; working fluid leakage
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