A Spearman-Based Assessment of Oceanographic Parameters Influences on Biofouling Mitigation through Averrhoa bilimbi Leaf Extract
1Naval Architecture Study Program, Engineering Faculty, Jember University, Indonesia
2Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Jember University, Indonesia
3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kunsan National University, Republic of Korea
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
E-mail: wazirotus.sakinah@unej.ac.id (WS)
E-mail: wazirotus.sakinah@unej.ac.id (WS)
Received: May 28, 2025 | Revised: August 07, 2025 | Accepted: December 17, 2025 | Published: March 2026
Abstract
This study evaluates the antifouling potential of Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extract (ABLE) and its correlation with oceanographic parameters under field conditions. Steel specimens treated with ABLE-oil paint mixtures (ratios 1:1, 3:7, 7:3) were compared to control and commercial paint groups. The 1:1 treatment showed the lowest biofouling growth rate (0.049 g/day). Spearman correlation revealed temperature and current significantly influenced biofouling in control specimens, while treated specimens showed weaker associations. These findings suggest antifouling performance is more dependent on chemical composition than environmental factors, supporting ABLE’s potential as a sustainable antifouling agent.
Keywords
anti-fouling; Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extract; biofouling growth rate; oceanographic parameters
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