Sustainable Rice Production Using Green Manufacturing to Reduce the Risk of Flooding
1Research Organization for Energy and Manufacture, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia
2National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia
3Research Center for Food Crops, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia
4Research Center for Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia
5Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Indonesia
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
E-mail: vina002@brin.go.id (VEA)
E-mail: vina002@brin.go.id (VEA)
Received: June 03, 2025 | Revised: December 19, 2025 | Accepted: March 10, 2026 | Published: June 2026
Abstract
Sustainable rice production is critical, especially in flood-prone areas, as it addresses food security while minimizing environmental impacts. The soil's elevated salt content is one of the primary cultivation issues in rice fields along the coast, which can lead to a decrease in yield and can even result in crop failure. The study aimed to integrate green manufacturing practices, which can significantly reduce flood risk and increase resilience in rice farming. The on-farm research was on the north coast of Semarang, a stretch of rice fields affected by floods, covering an area of 50 hectares. The multi-aspect sustainability analysis methodology complements the assessment results to obtain a production system with a sustainability index. The average value of total sustainability was 67.65, which means that rice farming in Semarang has a fairly sustainable status. Factors prioritized for improvement to improve the sustainability status of rice cultivation were environmental aspects (gap 9.67), economic aspects (gap 8.33), and social institutions (gap 6.54). The leverage factors of rice farming in the socio-institutional aspect were farmer age (sensitivity max 0.33 and sensitivity value 0.67) and rice farming experience (sensitivity max 0.20 and sensitivity value 0.60). Demonstration plot of high-salinity-resistant rice varieties using Biosalin1 and Biosalin2. Planting salinity-tolerant varieties was the most efficient way to reduce the negative impact of flooding caused by seawater rising to the ground level. Green manufacturing practices include low-external-input and sustainable agriculture, which utilize organic fertilizers and integrated pest management. The practice of using agricultural equipment that uses alternative fuels from plastic waste can save energy and lower emissions to minimize the carbon footprint of sustainable rice production.
Keywords
coastal; flood; green manufacturing; rice; Sustainable
Available Repositories
Share Article
Article Metrics
--
Views
--
Downloads
--
Citations
Export Citation
Full Text
References
- 1) A. Wezel, M. Casagrande, F. Celette, J.F. Vian, A. Ferrer, and J. Peigné, "Agroecological practices for sustainable agriculture. A review," Agron Sustain Dev, 34 (1) 1-20 (2014) doi:10.1007/s13593-013-0180-7
- 2) S. Yuan, B.A. Linquist, L.T. Wilson, K.G. Cassman, A.M. Stuart, V. Pede, B. Miro, K. Saito, N. Agustiani, V.E. Aristya, L.Y. Krisnadi, A.J. Zanon, A.B. Heinemann, G. Carracelas, N. Subash, P.S. Brahmanand, T. Li, S. Peng, and P. Grassini. "Sustainable intensification for a larger global rice bowl", Nat Commun 12, 7163 (2021) doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27424-z
- 3) N.K. Fukagawa, and L.H. Ziska, "Rice: importance for global nutrition," J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo), 65 (Supplement) S2–S3 (2019) doi:10.3177/jnsv.65.S2
- 4) D.C. Duran, L.M. Gogan, A. Artene, and V. Duran, "The components of sustainable development - a possible approach," Procedia Economics and Finance, 26 806-811 (2015) doi:10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00849-7
- 5) B.S. Silvestre, and D.M. Ţîrcă, "Innovations for sustainable development: moving toward a sustainable future," J Clean Prod, 208 325-332 (2019) doi:10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2018.09.244
- 6) Q. Su, R.D. Kambale, J.-H. Tzeng, G.L. Amy, D.A. Ladner, and R. Karthikeyan, "The growing trend of saltwater intrusion and its impact on coastal agriculture: challenges and opportunities," Science of The Total Environment, 966 178701 (2025) doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178701
- 7) FAO, "World map of salt-affected soils launched at virtual conference," Https://Www.Fao.Org/Newsroom/Detail/Salt-Affected-Soils-Map-Symposium/En, (2021)
- 8) X. Huang, "Mini review citation: Huang X. organic pesticides: nurturing sustainable agriculture and safeguarding our environment," J Agric Sci Bot, 7 (1) 187 (2023) doi:10.35841/2591-7366-7.4.187
- 9) A.A.G. Al-Shammary, L.S.S. Al-Shihmani, J. Fernández-Gálvez, and A. Caballero-Calvo, "Optimizing sustainable agriculture: a comprehensive review of agronomic practices and their impacts on soil attributes," J Environ Manage, 364 121487 (2024) doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121487
- 10) J.L. Appelt, D.C.G. Rojas, P.H. Verburg, and J. Van Vliet, "Socioeconomic outcomes of agricultural land use change in Southeast Asia," Ambio, 51 (n.d.) doi:10.1007/s13280
- 11) N. Csikós, and G. Tóth, "Concepts of agricultural marginal lands and their utilisation: a review," Agric Syst, 204 103560 (2023) doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2022.103560
- 12) X. Cao, B. Sun, H. Chen, J. Zhou, X. Song, X. Liu, X. Deng, X. Li, Y. Zhao, J. Zhang, and J. Li, "Approaches and research progresses of marginal land productivity expansion and ecological benefit improvement in China," Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 36 (3) 336-348 (2021) doi:10.16418/j.issn.1000-3045.20201228002
- 13) R., Oelviani, W. Adiyoga, T. Suhendrata, I.G.M.Y. Bakti, H.A. Sutanto, D.A. Fahmi, C. Chanifah, R.K. Jatuningtyas, S. Samijan, A. Malik, D. Sahara, B. Utomo, M.E. Wulanjari, E. Winarni, Y. Yardha, and V.E. Aristya. "Effects of soil salinity on rice production and technical efficiency: Evidence from the northern coastal region of Central Java, Indonesia", CSCEE 10, 101010 (2024) doi:10.1016/j.cscee.2024.101010
- 14) P. Rejekiningrum, Y. Apriyana, Sutardi, W. Estiningtyas, H. Sosiawan, H.L. Susilawati, A. Hervani, and A.D. Alifia, "Optimising water management in drylands to increase crop productivity and anticipate climate change in Indonesia," Sustainability, 14 (18) 11672 (2022) doi:10.3390/su141811672
- 15) S. Purwati, A. Yuliati, Kartikowati, M. Ikhsan, A. CN, L.H. Pawening, and Y. Rosiyanti, "Semarang Regency in Figures 2023," Semarang, 2023
- 16) N. Heryani, B. Kartiwa, P. Rejekiningrum, A. Pramudia, and H. Sosiawan, "Rainwater harvesting and water-saving irrigation for enhancing land productivity in upland rice cultivation," Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy), 51 (3) 378-388 (2023) doi:10.24831/jai.v51i3.50325
- 17) R.L. Rajani, G.S. Heggde, R. Kumar, and D. Bangwal, "Demand management approaches in the services sector and influence on company performance," International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 72 (10) 2808-2837 (2023) doi:10.1108/IJPPM-02-2022-0080
- 18) T. Martini, K. Triwidyastuti, H. Hanafi, J. Pramono, and S. Soeharsono, "Comparative Analysis of Eco-Friendly Agriculture and Marketing Innovation on Shallot Farming," in: Proceedings of the International Symposium Southeast Asia Vegetable 2021 (SEAVEG 2021), Atlantis Press International BV, Dordrecht, 2023: pp. 64-73 doi:10.2991/978-94-6463-028-2_9
- 19) G. Rizzo, F. Agus, Z. Susanti, R. Buresh, R., K.G. Cassman, A. Dobermann, N. Agustiani, V.E. Aristya, S.F. Batubara, N. Istiqomah, T. Oberthür, J. Pasuquin, S. Samijan, C. Witt, and P. Grassini, "Potassium limits productivity in intensive cereal cropping systems in Southeast Asia", Nat Food 5, 929-938 (2024) doi:10.1038/s43016-024-01065-z
- 20) A. Ansari, A. Pranesti, M. Telaumbanua, T. Alam, Taryono, R.A. Wulandari, B.D.A. Nugroho, and Supriyanta, "Evaluating the effect of climate change on rice production in Indonesia using multimodelling approach," Heliyon, 9 (9) e19639 (2023) doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19639
- 21) B. Shahriari, A. Hassanpoor, A. Navehebrahim, and S. Jafarinia, "A systematic review of green human resource management," Evergreen, 6 (2) 177-189 (2019) doi:10.5109/2328408
- 22) I. Ullah, F.M. Nuta, D. Levente, B. Yiyu, Z. Yihan, C. Yi, M.H. Shah, and R. Kumar, "Nexus between trade, industrialization, and marine pollution: a quantile regression approach," Ecol Indic, 155 110992 (2023) doi:10.1016/J.ECOLIND.2023.110992
- 23) M.H. Al Falah, T.R. Soeprobowati, H. Hadiyanto, A. Rahim, B.M. Noor, and N. Permatasari, "Diatom stratigraphy as a flood record in the lower Tuntang River, Demak, Central Java," Evergreen, 10 (1) 272-282 (2023) doi:10.5109/6781082
- 24) A. Sharma, A. Jain, P. Gupta, and V. Chowdary, "Machine learning applications for precision agriculture: a comprehensive review," IEEE Access, 9 4843-4873 (2021) doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3048415
- 25) M.J. Hoque, "Causes, mechanisms and outcomes of environmental degradation in Bangladesh: a study in Sylhet," Evergreen, 9 (2) 310-325 (2022) doi:10.5109/4793670
- 26) T. Simarmata, N.N. Kamaluddin, D. Herdiyantoro, M.R. Setiawati, K. Adinata, and S. Stöber, "Enhancing resiliency and productivity of flood-prone coastal rice farming through integrated organic-biofertilizers and crop management for climate change adaptation," BIO Web Conf, 92 01001 (2024) doi:10.1051/bioconf/20249201001
- 27) V.E. Aristya, Y. Trisyono, J. Mulyo, and T. Taryono, "Participatory varietal selection for promising rice lines," Sustainability, 13 (12) 6856 (2021) doi:10.3390/su13126856
- 28) T.K. Thakur, S.L. Swamy, A. Thakur, A. Mishra, S. Bakshi, A. Kumar, M.M. Altaf, and R. Kumar, "Land cover changes and carbon dynamics in central India’s dry tropical forests: a 25-year assessment and nature-based eco-restoration approaches," J Environ Manage, 351 119809 (2024) doi:10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2023.119809
- 29) M. Sari, P. Dewanti, and N.M.A.G.R. Astiti, "Application of sustainable agricultural technology to enhance crop productivity," Agriculture Power Journal, 1 (1) 1-7 (2024) doi:10.70076/apj.v1i1.12
- 30) Y. Singh, and K. Solanki, "Recent advances in rice improvement- innovations and impacts on yield and sustainability: a review," Agricultural Reviews, (Of) (2024) doi:10.18805/ag.R-2761
- 31) N. Kumari, A.K. Pandey, A.K. Singh, and A. Singh, "Sustainable agriculture: balancing productivity and environmental stewardship for future generations," J Sci Res Rep, 30 (8) 629-639 (2024) doi:10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82284
- 32) H. Susanto, K.K. Hamdani, D. Histifarina, A. Nurawan, T. Martini, and W. Wahyudin, "Adaptation test of double-fold production technology (proliga) of shallots in the highlands of Majalengka," Indonesian Journal of Agronomy, 50 (3) 299-306 (2022) doi:10.24831/jai.v50i3.42599
- 33) V. Nsengimana, J. de Dieu Nsenganeza, T. Hagenimana, and W. Dekoninck, "Impact of chemical fertilizers on diversity and abundance of soil-litter arthropod communities in coffee and banana plantations in southern Rwanda," Current Research in Environmental Sustainability, 5 100215 (2023) doi:10.1016/j.crsust.2023.100215
- 34) N. Bisht, and P.S. Chauhan, "Excessive and Disproportionate Use of Chemicals Causes Soil Contamination and Nutritional Stress," in: Soil Contamination - Threats and Sustainable Solutions, IntechOpen, 2021. 94593 doi:10.5772/intechopen
- 35) J. Supit, Y.E.B. Kamagi, and L.T. Karamoy, "Utilization of compost and EM-4 on critical land for nutrient absorption, growth, and production of shallots (Allium ascalonicum l) in Minahasa district," Cocos, 12 (3) (2020)
- 36) P. Shrivastava, and R. Kumar, "Soil salinity: a serious environmental issue and plant growth promoting bacteria as one of the tools for its alleviation," Saudi J Biol Sci, 22 (2) 123-131 (2015) doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.12.001
- 37) H. Qing, R. Kumar, and A. Kumar, "Climate change and human migration: perspectives for environmentally sustainable societies," J Geochem Explor, 256 107352 (2024) doi:10.1016/J.GEXPLO.2023.107352
- 38) V.E. Aristya, W.A. Nugroho, Samijan, S. Minarsih, and Y. Hindarwati, "Strategies for increasing rice productivity in lowland rainfed fields environment-friendly systems," IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci, 1446 (1) 012039 (2025) doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1446/1/012039
- 39) Y. Sukayat, I. Setiawan, U. Suharfaputra, and G. Kurnia, "Determining factors for farmers to engage in sustainable agricultural practices: a case from Indonesia," Sustainability, 15 (13) 10548 (2023) doi:10.3390/su151310548
- 40) S. Syafrudin, M.A. Budihardjo, N. Yuliastuti, and B.S. Ramadan, "Assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from integrated solid waste management in Semarang City, Central Java, Indonesia," Evergreen, 8 (1) 23-35 (2021) doi:10.5109/4372257
- 41) T. Martini, A. Octavian, T. Mumpuni, H. Abimanyu, H. Susanto, Elly Kristiani Purwendah, T. Rahman, H.L Susilawati, M.A.M. Oktaufik, and F.M. Erny, "Circular economy for sustainable management of plastic waste to produce liquid fuel and the environmental impact of the whole life cycle (case study)," Evergreen, 11 (3) 2447-2457 (2024) doi:10.5109/7236887
- 42) A. Mutolib, C. Nuraini, and Unang, "Level of interest and satisfaction of farmers on rice farming partnerships in Pamarican district, Ciamis Regency," in: 2023: p. 110013 doi:10.1063/5.0118171
- 43) A.T. Nugraha, G. Prayitno, A.W. Hasyim, and F. Roziqin, "Social capital, collective action, and the development of agritourism for sustainable agriculture in rural Indonesia," Evergreen, 8 (1) 1-12 (2021) doi:10.5109/4372255
- 44) T.M. Basuki, H.Y.S.H. Nugroho, Y. Indrajaya, I.B. Pramono, N.P. Nugroho, A.B. Supangat, D.R. Indrawati, E. Savitri, N. Wahyuningrum, Purwanto, S.A. Cahyono, P.B. Putra, R.N. Adi, A.W. Nugroho, D. Auliyani, A. Wuryanta, H.D. Riyanto, B. Harjadi, C. Yudilastyantoro, L. Hanindityasari, F.M.H. Nada, and D.P. Simarmata, "Improvement of integrated watershed management in Indonesia for mitigation and adaptation to climate change: a review," Sustainability, 14 (16) 9997 (2022) doi:10.3390/su14169997
- 45) P. Sidik, and D. Sunarsi. 2021. Quantitative Research Methods. South Tangerang: Pascal Books
- 46) S. Sugiyono. 2009. Educational Research Methods of Quantitative, Qualitative, and R&D Approaches. Bandung: Alfabeta
Other Papers in This Issue
- Optimization of Stir-Cast AA6063 Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Rice Husk Ash and Marble Dust Using Taguchi-Grey Relational Analysis
P. Kumar, D. Joshi, B. Mathur (2026) - Impact of Total Fuel Replacement with Compressed Natural Gas on Petrol Vehicle Performance Under Real-Driving Conditions and Exhaust Components Concentrations during Idling
A. Syafrinaldy et al. (2026) - Navigating the Dual Transition: AI Energy Consumption, Energy-efficient AI Practices, and Green Business Performance in Emerging Economies
N. Dat, C. Hoang (2026) - Extraction of Consumer Behavior Patterns Toward Quality Labels Using a Fuzzy Inference System Based on the Hierarchy of Effects Model
M. Ayundyahrini et al. (2026) - Finite Element-Based Optimization of Weld Joint Locations in Passenger Train Carbodies
P. Nugroho et al. (2026) - Assessing Ferry Ro-Ro as Tol Laut’s Alternative Cargo Carrier for Inter-Island Trade
A. Kurniawan et al. (2026) - Three-Factor ANOVA Approach to Identify Dominant Factors of Dwelling Time at New Makassar 1 Container Terminal
Z. Idris et al. (2026) - The Effects of Piper nigrum Soaking Temperature, Density, and Sacking on its Stiffness Measured Using our Tailor Made Pepper Stiffness Instrument
S. Wijonarko et al. (2026)









Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
