EVERGREEN

Joint Journal of Novel Carbon Resource Sciences and Green Asia Strategy

ISSN:2189-0420 (Print until Mar 2020)
ISSN:2432-5953 (Online)

SCImago Journal & Country Rank

Open Access
Scopus
Google Scholar
Crossref
SCImago Journal & Country Rank
4.3
2024CiteScore
 
69th percentile
Powered by Scopus
Metrics by SCOPUS 2024
CiteScore
4.3
SJR
0.391
SNIP
1.192

A Review on Recent Development and Future Perspective of Nanofluid Utilization in Automotives

Sanjeev Kumar Gupta1,*, Soni Kumari1
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, GLA University Mathura, India
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
E-mail: sanjeev.kumar.gupta.example@university.edu (SKG)
Evergreen, Vol. 12, Iss. 02, pp. 992–1019, 2025
DOI: 10.5109/7363490
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Received: November 20, 2024 | Revised: February 25, 2025 | Accepted: April 01, 2025 | Published: June 2025
Abstract
Nanofluids, have attracted considerable interest for their enhanced thermal properties, making them promising for automotive applications. This review examines recent advancements in nanofluid utilization within automotive systems, focusing on thermal management improvements in engine cooling, lubrication, and fuel efficiency. Studies have demonstrated that nanofluid-based coolants can increase thermal conductivity by 15–40%, leading to an increase in heat transfer efficiency and a reduction in engine operating temperatures by 5–10°C. Experimental results indicate that using Al₂O₃-water nanofluids in radiators improves OHTC by up to 25% compared to conventional ethylene glycol-water coolants. Additionally, nanolubricants infused with CNTs or graphene oxide has shown a 10–20% reduction in engine friction and wear, prolonging component lifespan. The integration of nanofluids as fuel additives has demonstrated a brake thermal efficiency improvement of up to 11.56%, while also reducing specific fuel consumption by approximately 8–10%. However, challenges remain in stability, compatibility, and large-scale feasibility. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of key achievements, highlights comparative performance metrics, and identifies future research directions for optimizing nanofluid applications in the automotive industry.
Keywords
Nanolubricant ; Heat transfer ; Nanofluids ; Automotive ; Thermal conductivity ; Radiator coolant
Available Repositories
Journal DOI Zenodo Archive
Share Article
Article Metrics
--
Views
--
Downloads
--
Citations
Export Citation
BibTeX RIS Semantic Scholar CrossRef Mendeley Google Scholar
Full Text
Download PDF
References
  1. 1) K.Y. Leong, R. Saidur, S. N. Kazi, & A. H. Mamun, "Performance investigation of an automotive car radiator operated with nanofluid-based coolants (nanofluid as a coolant in a radiator)," Applied thermal engineering, 30(17-18), 2685-2692 (2010) doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2010.07.019
  2. 2) S. K. Gupta, S. Gupta, T. Gupta, A. Raghav, & A. Singh, "A review on recent advances and applications of nanofluids in plate heat exchanger," Materials Today: Proceedings, 44, 229-241(2021) doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.460
  3. 3) K. Kusumandari, R. I. Prasasti, & I. Isnaeni, "Enhancement of Photocatalytic Properties of Carbon Dot Supported by AgNPs for Methylene Blue Degradation" Evergreen, 11(3), 2071-2080 (2024) doi:10.5109/7236852
  4. 4) S. K. Gupta, H. Verma, & N. Yadav "A review on recent development of nanofluid utilization in shell & tube heat exchanger for saving of energy," Materials Today: Proceedings, 54, 579-589 (2022) doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.455
  5. 5) P. Sikka, R. Arora, P. Singh, M. Behl, R. C. Saini, & R. Rana, "Suspension and Steering Setup for a 4-wheel All-terrain Vehicle," Evergreen, 10 (1), 463- 468 (2023) doi:10.5109/6782149
  6. 6) J. Patel, A. Soni, D. P. Barai, & B. A. Bhanvase, "A minireview on nanofluids for automotive applications: Current status and future perspectives," Applied Thermal Engineering, 219, 119428 (2023) doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119428
  7. 7) Z. Arifin, M. F. Hakimi, S. Hadi, S. D. Prasetyo,, & W. B. Bangun, "The Impact of CuO Nanofluid Volume Fraction on Photovoltaic-Thermal Collector (PV/T) Performance," Evergreen, 11 (3), 2342-2350 (2024) doi:10.5109/7236877
  8. 8) G. A. Oliveira, E. M. C. Contreras, & E. P. Bandarra Filho, "Experimental study on the heat transfer of MWCNT/water nanofluid flowing in a car radiator," Applied Thermal Engineering, 111, 1450-1456 (2017) doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.05.086
  9. 9) N. Kukreja, S. K. Gupta, & M. Rawat, "Performance analysis of phase change material using energy storage device," Materials Today: Proceedings, 26, 913-917 (2020) doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.139
  10. 10) W. N. Putra, M. Ariati, B. Suharno, S. Harjanto, & G. Ramahdita, "The Effect of Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulphonate Addition in Carbon Nanotube-Based Nanofluid Quenchant for Carbon Steel Heat Treatment," Evergreen, 11 (2), 1359-1365 (2024) doi:10.5109/7183447
  11. 11) S. Kaushik, A. K. Verma, S. Singh, et al., "Comparative Analysis of Fluid Flow Attributes in Rectangular Shape Micro Channel having External Rectangular Inserts with Hybrid Al2O3 + ZnO+ H2O Nano Fluid and (H2O) Base Fluid," Evergreen, 10 (2), 851-862 (2023) doi:10.5109/6792839
  12. 12) B. A. Shallal, E. Gedik, H. A. A. Wahhab,, & M. G. Ajel, "Impact of Alumina nanoparticles additives on open-flow flat collector performance for PV panel thermal control application," Evergreen, 10 (2), 870-879 (2023) doi:10.5109/6792842
  13. 13) A. M. Sabri, N. Talib, A. S. A. Sani, & S. Kunar, "Investigation of Modified RBD Palm Oil-Based Hybrid Nanofluids as Metalworking Fluid," Evergreen, 11 (2), 797-805 (2024) doi:10.5109/7183360
  14. 14) L. Ben Said, L. Kolsi, K. Ghachem, M. Almeshaal, & C. Maatki, "Advancement of nanofluids in automotive applications during the last few years—a comprehensive review," Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 1-28. (2021) doi:10.1007/s10973-021-11088-4
  15. 15) S. K. Gupta, & S. Dixit, "Progress and application of nanofluids in solar collectors: An overview of recent advances," Materials Today: Proceedings, 44, 250-259 (2021) doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.462
  16. 16) J. Li, X. Zhang, B. Xu, & M. Yuan, "Nanofluid research and applications: A review," International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 127, 105543 (2021) doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2021.105543
  17. 17) A.G. N. Sofiah, M. Samykano, A. K. Pandey, et al. "Immense impact from small particles: Review on stability and thermophysical properties of nanofluids," Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 48, 101635 (2021) doi:10.1016/j.seta.2021.101635
  18. 18) S. K. Gupta, S. Gupta, & R. Singh, "A comprehensive review of energy saving in shell & tube heat exchanger by utilization of nanofluids," Materials Today: Proceedings, 50, 1818-1826 (2022) doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.212
  19. 19) N. Talib, N. A. Jamaluddin, T. K. Sheng, et al. "Tribological study of activated carbon nanoparticle in nonedible nanofluid for machining application," Evergreen, 8 (2), 454-460 (2021) doi:10.5109/4480728
  20. 20) S. U. Choi, & J. A. Eastman, Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with nanoparticles (No. ANL/MSD/CP-84938; CONF-951135-29). Argonne National Lab.(ANL), Argonne, IL (United States) (1995)
  21. 21) N. A. Jamaluddin, N. Talib, & A. S. A. Sani, "Performance comparative of modified jatropha based nanofluids in orthogonal cutting process," Evergreen, 8(2), 461-468 (2021) doi:10.5109/4480729
  22. 22) A.R. I. Ali, & B. Salam, "A review on nanofluid: preparation, stability, thermophysical properties, heat transfer characteristics and application," SN Applied Sciences, 2 (10), 1636 (2020) doi:10.1007/s42452-020-03427-1
  23. 23) S. Mukherjee, P. C. Mishra, & P. Chaudhuri, "Stability of heat transfer nanofluids–a review," ChemBioEng Reviews, 5(5), 312-333(2018) doi:10.1002/cben.201800008
  24. 24) H. Guan, Q. Su, R. Wang, L. Huang, C. Shao, & Z. Zhu, "Why can hybrid nanofluid improve thermal conductivity more? A molecular dynamics simulation," Journal of Molecular Liquids, 372, 121178 (2023) doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2022.121178
  25. 25) N. Kumar, S. K. Gupta, & V. K. Sharma, "Application of phase change material for thermal energy storage: An overview of recent advances," Materials Today: Proceedings, 44, 368-375(2021) doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.745
  26. 26) N.A. C. Sidik, H. A. Mohammed, O. A. Alawi, & S. Samion, "A review on preparation methods and challenges of nanofluids," International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 54, 115-125 (2014) doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2014.03.002
  27. 27) X. Ma, L. Yang, G. Xu, & J. Song, "A comprehensive review of MXene-based nanofluids: preparation, stability, physical properties, and applications," Journal of Molecular Liquids, 365, 120037 (2022) doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120037
  28. 28) C. Liu, Y. Yan, W. Sun, et al., "Preparation and thermophysical study on a super stable copper oxide/deep eutectic solvent nanofluid," Journal of Molecular Liquids, 356, 119020 (2022) doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119020
  29. 29) S. K. Gupta, & S. Pradhan, "A review of recent advances and the role of nanofluid in solar photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) system," Materials Today: Proceedings, 44, 782-791(2021) doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.708
  30. 30) A. Tavakoli, K. Rahimi, F. Saghandali, J. Scott, & E. Lovell, "Nanofluid preparation, stability and performance for CO2 absorption and desorption enhancement: A review," Journal of Environmental Management, 313, 114955 (2022) doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114955
  31. 31) S. Chakraborty, & P. K. Panigrahi, "Stability of nanofluid: A review," Applied Thermal Engineering, 174, 115259 (2020) doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115259
  32. 32) S. K. Gupta, "A short & updated review of nanofluids utilization in solar parabolic trough collector," Materials Today: Proceedings, (2023) doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2022.12.278
  33. 33) P. I. Soares, C. A. Laia, A. Carvalho, et al., "Iron oxide nanoparticles stabilized with a bilayer of oleic acid for magnetic hyperthermia and MRI applications," Applied Surface Science, 383, 240-247 (2016) doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.04.181
  34. 34) S. Chakraborty, I. Sarkar, K. Haldar, S. K. Pal, & S. Chakraborty, "Synthesis of Cu–Al layered double hydroxide nanofluid and characterization of its thermal properties," Applied Clay Science, 107, 98-108 (2015) doi:10.1016/j.clay.2015.01.009
  35. 35) N. Kumar, & S. K. Gupta, "Progress and application of phase change material in solar thermal energy: An overview," Materials Today: Proceedings, 44, 271-281(2021) doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.465
  36. 36) N. Ali, J. A. Teixeira, & A. Addali, "A review on nanofluids: fabrication, stability, and thermophysical properties," Journal of Nanomaterials, 2018(1), 6978130 (2018) doi:10.1155/2018/6978130
  37. 37) H. J. Chen, & D. Wen, "Ultrasonic-aided fabrication of gold nanofluids," Nanoscale research letters, 6, 1-8 (2011) doi:10.1186/1556-276X-6-198
  38. 38) N. Sezer, & M. Koç, "Dispersion Stability of CNT and CNT/Metal-based Nanofluids," ICTEA, 1-4 2018
  39. 39) H. Zhu, C. Zhang, Y. Tang, J. Wang, B. Ren, & Y. Yin, "Preparation and thermal conductivity of suspensions of graphite nanoparticles," Carbon, 45(1), 226-228 (2007) doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2006.07.005
  40. 40) S. Kaushik, V. Uniyal, A. K. Verma, et al., "Comparative experimental and cfd analysis of fluid flow attributes in mini channel with hybrid Cuo+ Zno+ H2O nano fluid and (H2O) base fluid," Evergreen, 10 (1), 182-195 (2023) doi:10.5109/6781069
  41. 41) K. E. Ojaomo, S. Samion, & M. Z. M. Yusop, "Nano Bio-lubricant as a sustainable Trend in Tribology towards Environmental Stability: opportunities and challenges," Evergreen, 11 (1), 253-274 (2024) doi:10.5109/7172279
  42. 42) M. A. Rahman, S. M M. Hasnain, S. Pandey, et al., "Review on nanofluids: preparation, properties, stability, and thermal performance augmentation in heat transfer applications," Acs Omega, 9 (30), 32328-32349 (2024) doi:10.1021/acsomega.4c03279
  43. 43) M. Gupta, V. Singh, R. Kumar, & Z. Said, "A review on thermophysical properties of nanofluids and heat transfer applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 74, 638-670 (2017) doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.02.073
  44. 44) W. Yu, H. Xie, L. Chen, Y. Li, "Enhancement of thermal conductivity of kerosenebased Fe3O4 nanofluids prepared via phase-transfer method," Colloids Surf A: Physicochem Eng Asp, 355(1), 109-13 2010 doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.11.044
  45. 45) S. K. Gupta, & A. Sharma, "A brief review of nanofluids utilization in heat transfer devices for energy saving," Materials Today: Proceedings, (2023) doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2023.03.364
  46. 46) K. Bashirnezhad, S. Bazri, M. R. Safaei, et al. "Viscosity of nanofluids: a review of recent experimental studies," International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 73, 114-123(2016) doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2016.02.005
  47. 47) M. H. Esfe, R. Tavallaee, H. Hatami, et al., "Applying knowledge management in optimal modeling of viscosity of nanofluids by response surface methodology for use in automobiles engine," Materials Today Communications, 39, 108897 (2024) doi:10.1016/j.mtcomm.2024.108897
  48. 48) T. John, & T. S. Krishnakumar, "Experimental studies of thermal conductivity, viscosity and stability of ethylene glycol nanofluids," J. IJIRSET, 2, 611-617 (2013)
  49. 49) B. C. Pak, & Y. I. Cho, "Hydrodynamic and heat transfer study of dispersed fluids with submicron metallic oxide particles," Experimental Heat Transfer an International Journal, 11(2), 151-170 (1998) doi:10.1080/08916159808946559
  50. 50) S. K. Gupta, & S. Gupta, "The role of nanofluids in solar thermal energy: A review of recent advances," Materials Today: Proceedings, 44, 401-412(2021) doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.749
  51. 51) K. Mausam, A. Pare, S. K. Ghosh, A.K. Tiwari, "Thermal performance analysis of hybrid-nanofluid based flat plate collector using Grey relational analysis (GRA): An approach for sustainable energy harvesting," Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 37, 101609(2023) doi:10.1016/j.tsep.2022.101609
  52. 52) H. K. Sharma, S. Kumar, S. Kumar, & S. K. Verma, "Performance investigation of flat plate solar collector with nanoparticle enhanced integrated thermal energy storage system," Journal of Energy Storage, 55, 105681 (2022) doi:10.1016/j.est.2022.105681
  53. 53) F. Yang, X. Qiu, Y. Li, Y. Yin, & Q. Fan, "Specific heat of super carbon nanotube and its chirality independence," Physics Letters A, 372(46), 6960-6964 (2008) doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2008.09.048
  54. 54) S. K. Gupta, & A. Saxena, "A progressive review of hybrid nanofluid utilization in solar parabolic trough collector," Materials Today: Proceedings, (2023) doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2023.06.204
  55. 55) M. Kole, & T. K. Dey, "Experimental investigation on the thermal conductivity and viscosity of engine coolant based alumina nanofluids," AIP Conference Proceedings, 1249 (1), 120-124 (2010) doi:10.1063/1.3466537
  56. 56) X. Li, H. Wang, & B. Luo, "The thermophysical properties and enhanced heat transfer performance of SiC-MWCNTs hybrid nanofluids for car radiator system," Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 612, 125968 (2021) doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125968
  57. 57) C. Selvam, D. M. Lal, & S. Harish, "Enhanced heat transfer performance of an automobile radiator with graphene based suspensions," Applied Thermal Engineering, 123, 50-60 (2017) doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.05.076
  58. 58) C. Selvam, R. S. Raja, D. M. Lal, & S. Harish, "Overall heat transfer coefficient improvement of an automobile radiator with graphene based suspensions," International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 115, 580-588 (2017) doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.08.071
  59. 59) S. A. Ahmed, M. Ozkaymak, A. Sözen, T. Menlik, & A. Fahed, "Improving car radiator performance by using TiO2-water nanofluid," Engineering science and technology, an international journal, 21(5), 996-1005 (2018) doi:10.1016/j.jestch.2018.07.008
  60. 60) S. Alosious, A. R. Nair, & K. Krishnakumar, "Experimental and numerical study on heat transfer enhancement of flat tube radiator using Al2O3 and CuO nanofluids," Heat and Mass Transfer, 53, 3545-3563 (2017) doi:10.1007/s00231-017-2061-0
  61. 61) A. R. Akash, A. Pattamatta, & S. K. Das, "Experimental study of the thermohydraulic performance of water/ethylene glycol− based graphite nanocoolant in vehicle radiators," Journal of Enhanced Heat Transfer, 26(4), 345-363(2019) doi:10.1615/JEnhHeatTransf.201902834
  62. 62) X. Zhou, Y. Wang, K. Zheng, & H. Huang, "Comparison of heat transfer performance of ZnO-PG, α-Al2O3-PG, and γ- Al2O3-PG nanofluids in car radiator," Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, 9, 1847980419876465 (2019) doi:10.1177/1847980419876465
  63. 63) A. Khan, H. M. Ali, R. Nazir, R. Ali, A. Munir, B. Ahmad, & Z. Ahmad, "Experimental investigation of enhanced heat transfer of a car radiator using ZnO nanoparticles in H2O–ethylene glycol mixture," Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 138(5), 3007-3021(2019) doi:10.1007/s10973-019-08320-7
  64. 64) S. K. Soylu, İ. Atmaca, M. Asiltürk, & A. Doğan, "Improving heat transfer performance of an automobile radiator using Cu and Ag doped TiO2 based nanofluids," Applied Thermal Engineering, 157, 113743(2019) doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.113743
  65. 65) T. R. Shah, H. M. Ali, & M. M. Janjua, "On aqua-based silica (SiO2–water) nanocoolant: convective thermal potential and experimental precision evaluation in aluminum tube radiator," Nanomaterials, 10(9), 1736 (2020) doi:10.3390/nano10091736
  66. 66) M. Qasim, M. Sajid Kamran, M. Ammar et al., "Heat transfer enhancement of an automobile engine radiator using ZnO water base nanofluids," Journal of Thermal Science, 29, 1010-1024 (2020) doi:10.1007/s11630-020-1263-9
  67. 67) M. Annamalai, B. Dhinesh, K. Nanthagopal, et al., "An assessment on performance, combustion and emission behavior of a diesel engine powered by ceria nanoparticle blended emulsified biofuel," Energy conversion and management, 123, 372-380 (2016) doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2016.06.062
  68. 68) A. C. Sajeevan, & V. Sajith, "Synthesis of stable cerium zirconium oxide nanoparticle–Diesel suspension and investigation of its effects on diesel properties and smoke," Fuel, 183, 155-163(2016) doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2016.06.048
  69. 69) D. Yuvarajan, M. D. Babu, N. BeemKumar, & P. A. Kishore, "Experimental investigation on the influence of titanium dioxide nanofluid on emission pattern of biodiesel in a diesel engine," Atmospheric Pollution Research, 9(1), 47-52 (2018) doi:10.1016/j.apr.2017.06.003
  70. 70) T. Özgür, M. Özcanli, & K. Aydin, "Investigation of nanoparticle additives to biodiesel for improvement of the performance and exhaust emissions in a compression ignition engine," International journal of green energy, 12(1), 51-56 (2015) doi:10.1080/15435075.2014.889011
  71. 71) S. S. Hoseini, G. Najafi, B. Ghobadian, et al., "Novel environmentally friendly fuel: The effects of nanographene oxide additives on the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines fuelled with Ailanthus altissima biodiesel," Renewable energy, 125, 283-294 (2018) doi:10.1016/j.renene.2018.02.104
  72. 72) J. B. Ooi, H. M. Ismail, B. T. Tan, & X. Wang, "Effects of graphite oxide and single-walled carbon nanotubes as diesel additives on the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a light-duty diesel engine," Energy, 161, 70-80 (2018) doi:10.1016/j.energy.2018.07.062
  73. 73) M. E. M. Soudagar, N. N. Nik-Ghazali, M. A. Kalam, et al., "The effects of graphene oxide nanoparticle additive stably dispersed in dairy scum oil biodiesel-diesel fuel blend on CI engine: performance, emission and combustion characteristics," Fuel, 257, 116015(2019) doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116015
  74. 74) G. Sulochana, & S. K. Bhatti, "Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a twin cylinder 4 stroke diesel engine using nano-tubes blended waste fry oil methyl ester," Materials Today: Proceedings, 18, 75-84(2019) doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.279
  75. 75) F. Hussain, M. E. M. Soudagar, A. Afzal, et al. "Enhancement in combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with Ce-ZnO nanoparticle additive added to soybean biodiesel blends," Energies, 13(17), 4578(2020) doi:10.3390/en13174578
  76. 76) H. A. Dhahad, & M. T. Chaichan, "The impact of adding nano-Al2O3 and nano-ZnO to Iraqi diesel fuel in terms of compression ignition engines' performance and emitted pollutants," Thermal science and Engineering progress, 18, 100535(2020) doi:10.1016/j.tsep.2020.100535
  77. 77) S. Senthilraja, M. Karthikeyan, & R. Gangadevi, "Nanofluid applications in future automobiles: comprehensive review of existing data," Nano-Micro Letters, 2, 306-310 (2010) doi:10.1007/BF03353859
  78. 78) V. Srinivas, C. V. Moorthy, V. Dedeepya, & P. A. Thompson, "Water based nanofluids for automotive applications," Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 29, 3417-3426 (2015) doi:10.1007/s12206-015-0740-7
  79. 79) A. B. D. Nandiyanto, D. N. Al Husaeni, A. S. M. Al Obaidi, & B. Hammouti, "Progress in the Developments of Heat Transfer, Nanoparticles in Fluid, and Automotive Radiators: Review and Computational Bibliometric Analysis," Automotive Experiences, 7(2), 343-356(2024) doi:10.31603/ae.10580
  80. 80) Y. Sawant, K. Pathare, R. Patel, & P. Choughule, "Nanofluids with recent application & future trends," International journal of innovations in engineering research and technology, 8(06), 458-468 (2021) doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/K5EVR
  81. 81) H. A. Khaliq Ali, M. S. Abed, & A. A. Nayeeif, "Response of viscous damping of dashpot containing hybrid nanofluid," Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 67(1), 52-65(2020)
  82. 82) M. Bahiraei, & P. R. Mashaei, "Using nanofluid as a smart suspension in cooling channels with discrete heat sources: numerical investigation and modeling," Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 119, 2079-2091(2015) doi:10.1007/s10973-015-4414-6
  83. 83) A. A. Pawar, K. A. Patil, & D. D. Mohite, "Impact of CuO nanoparticles on the viscosity and vibration damping characteristics of shock absorber oil," Discover Nano, 19(1), 131(2024) doi:10.1186/s11671-024-04080-y
  84. 84) F.-Y.Yeh, K.-C. Chang, T.-W. Chen, C.-H. Yu, "Micro-nano fluid damper," US20150152933A1, 2016
  85. 85) Z. Zhang, G. Wu, F.E. Lockwood, D.J. Dotson, "Shock Absorber fluid composition containing nanostructures," US 7470,650 B2, 2008
  86. 86) L. Samylingam, N. Aslfattahi, C. K. Kok, et al. "Enhancing Lubrication Efficiency and Wear Resistance in Mechanical Systems through the Application of Nanofluids: A Comprehensive Review," Journal of Advanced Research in Micro and Nano Engineering, 16(1), 1-18 (2024) doi:10.37934/armne.16.1.118
  87. 87) J. Su, S. Li, B. Hu, L. Yin, C. Zhou, H. Wang, & S. Hou, "Innovative insights into nanofluid-enhanced gear lubrication: computational and experimental analysis of churn mechanisms," Tribology International, 199, 109949 (2024) doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2024.109949
  88. 88) M. Goodarzi, S. Esfandeh, & D. Toghraie, "A state of art review of the viscosity behavior of nano-lubricants containing MWCNT nanoparticles: Focusing on engine lubrication goals," Journal of Molecular Liquids, 346, 118264(2022) doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118264
  89. 89) M. H. Esfe, A. A. A. Arani, S. Esfandeh, & M. Afrand, "Proposing new hybrid nano-engine oil for lubrication of internal combustion engines: Preventing cold start engine damages and saving energy," Energy, 170, 228-238(2019) doi:10.1016/j.energy.2018.12.127
  90. 90) E. O. L. Ettefaghi, H. Ahmadi, A. Rashidi, S. S. Mohtasebi, & M. Alaei, "Experimental evaluation of engine oil properties containing copper oxide nanoparticles as a nanoadditive," International Journal of Industrial Chemistry, 4, 1-6(2013) doi:10.1186/2228-5547-4-28
  91. 91) S. Aberoumand, & A. Jafarimoghaddam, "Experimental study on synthesis, stability, thermal conductivity and viscosity of Cu–engine oil nanofluid," Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 71, 315-322(2017) doi:10.1016/j.jtice.2016.12.035
  92. 92) A. Naddaf, S. Z. Heris, & B. Pouladi, "An experimental study on heat transfer performance and pressure drop of nanofluids using graphene and multi-walled carbon nanotubes based on diesel oil," Powder Technology, 352, 369-380(2019) doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2019.04.078
  93. 93) M. F. Sgroi, M. Asti, F. Gili, F. A. Deorsola, S. Bensaid, et al., "Engine bench and road testing of an engine oil containing MoS2 particles as nano-additive for friction reduction," Tribology International, 105, 317-325(2017) doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2016.10.013
  94. 94) D. Davis, A. F. Shah, B. B. Panigrahi, & S. Singh, "Effect of Cr2AlC nanolamella addition on tribological properties of 5W-30 engine oil," Applied Surface Science, 493, 1098-1105(2019) doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.07.097
  95. 95) M. K. A. Ali, H. Xianjun, L. Mai, et al., "Improving the tribological characteristics of piston ring assembly in automotive engines using Al2O3 and TiO2 nanomaterials as nano-lubricant additives," Tribology International, 103, 540-554(2016) doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2016.08.011
  96. 96) M. K. A. Ali, P. Fuming, H. A. Younus, et al., "Fuel economy in gasoline engines using Al2O3/TiO2 nanomaterials as nanolubricant additives," Applied energy, 211, 461-478(2018) doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.11.013
  97. 97) N. W. Awang, D. Ramasamy, K. Kadirgama, et al., "Study on friction and wear of Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC) nanoparticle as lubricating additive in engine oil," International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 131, 1196-1204 (2019) doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.11.128
  98. 98) M. H. Esfe, & M. R. Sarlak, "Experimental investigation of switchable behavior of CuO-MWCNT (85%–15%)/10W-40 hybrid nano-lubricants for applications in internal combustion engines," Journal of Molecular Liquids, 242, 326-335 (2017) doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2017.06.075
  99. 99) R. A. Bhogare, & B. S. Kothawale, "A review on applications and challenges of nanofluids as coolant in automobile radiator," International journal of scientific and research publications, 3(8), 1-11 (2013)
  100. 100) R. Saidur, K. Y. Leong, & H. A. Mohammed, "A review on applications and challenges of nanofluids," Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 15(3), 1646-1668 (2011) doi:10.1016/j.rser.2010.11.035
  101. 101) M. S. H. Ador, S. Kabir, F. Ahmed, F. Ahmad, & S. Adil, "Effects of minimum quantity lubrication (mql) on surface roughness in milling al alloy 383/adc 12 using nano hybrid cutting fluid," Evergreen, 9(4), 1003-1020 (2023) doi:10.5109/6625790
  102. 102) F. Abbas, H. M. Ali, T. R. Shah, H. Babar, et al. "Nanofluid: Potential evaluation in automotive radiator," Journal of molecular liquids, 297, 112014 (2020) doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112014
  103. 103) Z. Said, M. E. H. Assad, A. A. Hachicha, et al., "Enhancing the performance of automotive radiators using nanofluids," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 112, 183-194 (2019) doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.05.052
  104. 104) M. E. M.Soudagar, S. Shelare, D. Marghade, et al., "Optimizing IC engine efficiency: A comprehensive review on biodiesel, nanofluid, and the role of artificial intelligence and machine learning," Energy Conversion and Management, 307, 118337 (2024) doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118337
  105. 105) Q. Tao, F. Zhong, Y. Deng, Y. Wang, & C. Su, "A review of nanofluids as coolants for thermal management systems in fuel cell vehicles," Nanomaterials, 13(21), 2861 (2023) doi:10.3390/nano13212861
  106. 106) M. T. Naimah, F. D. N. Pratama, & M. Ibadurrohman, "Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production Using Fe-Graphene/TiO2 Photocatalysts in the Presence of Polyalcohols as Sacrificial Agents," Evergreen, 9 (4), 1244-1251 (2022) doi:10.5109/6625736
  107. 107) M. F. Hallock, P. Greenley, L. DiBerardinis, & D. Kallin, "Potential risks of nanomaterials and how to safely handle materials of uncertain toxicity," Journal of Chemical Health & Safety, 16(1), 16-23 (2009) doi:10.1016/j.jchas.2008.04.001
  108. 108) P. K. Dikshit, J. Kumar, A. K. Das, et al., "Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles: Applications and limitations," Catalysts, 11(8), 902 (2021) doi:10.3390/catal11080902
  109. 109) N. Czaplicka, A. Grzegórska, J. Wajs, et al., "Promising nanoparticle-based heat transfer fluids—Environmental and techno-economic analysis compared to conventional fluids," International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(17), 9201 (2021) doi:10.3390/ijms22179201
  110. 110) M. Malika, P. G. Jhadav, V. R. Parate, "Synthesis of magnetite nanoparticle from potato peel extract: its nanofluid applications and life cycle analysis," Chemical Papers, 77(2), 1081-1094 (2023) doi:10.1007/s11696-022-02538-w
Other Papers in This Issue